Women Contribution to Psychology Essay Example for Free

Women Contribution to Psychology Essay The essay is written about Margaret Flow Washburn. The essay speaks of her background from her early teenage years and progressing through her career as a psychologist, her battles of a woman during an American period where women equal rights of educational progress was not the same as men. The essay also speaks on the contributions to her field of psychology presenting theories on the animal mind and her motor theory. Women Contributions to Psychology Margaret Floy Washburn started out as a decisive student who attended Vassari College upon graduation was divided between science and philosophy. Margaret Floy Washburn would go on to be a one of the few Pioneers for women who would go onto be successful Psychologist. Today Margaret Floy Washburn is known best for her work in comparative psychology and her book The Animal Mind would go to be four editions, become the standard textbook of its day (Goodwin, 2008). Her experimental research and focus toward cognitive process of perception, attention, and consciousness of various species would go on to be groundbreaking, contributing to scientist of today experimental theories. As with any Psychologist of past time her theory or experiments should be looked as steppingstones, to apply corrective action to information they may have missed or did not at the time have the capabilities of requiring. Margaret Floy Washburn Throughout this essay briefly discussing on Margaret Floy history, struggles as a woman trying to break the barrier, and her some of her best known work as a psychologist below. Brief early history of Margaret Floy Washburn Margaret Floy Washburn was born July 25, 1871 in New York City Biography of Margaret Flow Washburn, Para. 1). At the age of 15, she attended college at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie and soon became a member of Kappa Alpha Theta Sorority. Ladd-Franklin had also attended the same college many years before Margaret and soon after Margaret graduation she applied for graduate studies at Columbia University. Women were not permitted to study at Columbia at the time, she had entered the college only as observer where she was noticed as a serious student by Cattell but could only attend his classes unofficially (Goodwin, 2008). Cattell recommended her to apply at the Sage school of Philosophy at Cornell because they were accepting women graduate students and seen the un-keen potential in her. Margaret would encounter E. B. Titchener, who accepted Margaret into his laboratory, and she would go on to be responsible for experiments and research under E. B. Titchener. Margaret will go on to be the first woman to earn a PhD in Psychology in 1894. During the rest of her adult life, Margaret taught at several colleges, including Sage College, Wells College, and University of Cincinnati and in 1903 returning to her Alma mater as Associate Professor of Philosophy for Vassar up until her retirement in 1937 (Biography of Margaret Flow Washburn, Para. 1). She died on October 29, 1939 at her home in Poughkeepsie, New York. Breaking through the Barrier Margaret Floy Washburn fought many battles as woman trying to break into Psychology. First, she had been accepted into the graduate school of Columbia University as only a â€Å"hearer† because women were not permitted entry into Columbia University graduate program. She only attended Columbia University for a year before applying at the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University where she became the first woman to obtain her Ph. D. in Psychology in 1894. Margaret Floy Washburn was considered a pioneer for her fight for equal educational opportunities for women. She initially had encountered resistance to her academic pursuit at Columbia University. Margaret had to wait three months before convincing the trustees to let her attend Cattell’s classes at Columbia. Some say Margaret success came because of the contributing factor that her family was financially and emotionally supportive of her academic pursuits and Rodkey (2010) stated, â€Å"the large family inheritance allowed for her to attend private school, and which in turn led to her rapid completion of public school. † Margaret was pushing her career to limits during a period in American history when women were excluded from many academic programs and did not hold prestigious positions. This was a reason she never married. Women who married during this American period who worked in the academic field would be expected to resign their position upon marriage. Not marrying put Margaret at advantage over other women psychologist who did marry. This allowed her to hold numerous positions during her career, becoming a well respected teacher and researcher. Margaret positions were assistant professor of the Department of Psychology, professor of psychology, philosophy, and ethics, lecturer for social, animal psychology, and undergraduate psychology professor. Not only did she hold different positions through her pursuit as Psychologist she also published 69 experimental studies, and ranked top 50 psychologist of in America (Rodkey, 2010. ) Margaret became well known for her argument against Titchner’s structural psychology. After had already backing Titchner’s view’s early in her career. Margaret Floy Washburn went on the record of stating that Titchner’s views were worth while to describe conscious states, but not, in describing them, to turn them into something unrecognizable (Pillsbury, 1940, pg. ). Psychological Research and Views As stated above Margaret Flow Washburn psychological research views became unique as, she progressed in her career. With the development of her own system she would provide others with skepticism of their own formulas between the relationship of sensation and attribute and also of the exclusive use of introspection as the method of psychology. Motor Theory. She stated â€Å"While consciousness exists and is not a form of movement, it has as its indispensable basis certain motor rocesses, and†¦ the only sense in which we can explain conscious processes is by studying the laws governing these underlying motor phenomena† When discussing Margaret earlier work, she attempted to find a common ground with Tutchener, by coming up with the motor theory. Her theory argued that bodily movement and thought are similar, and cannot use one without using the other; the consciousness would arise when movement is inhibited by a tendency toward another move ment. Learning is associated with movement with a set of regular series and combinations. The motor theory is about thoughts traced back to bodily movement. This theory was presented in her early papers and chapters of her books â€Å"Feelings and Emotions: The Wittenberg Symposium and Psychologies of 1930† and Movement and Mental Imagery: Outlines of a Motor theory of the Complexer Mental Processes† (Wikipedia contributors, 2013, Margaret Floy Washburn, Para. 11). The Animal Mind. Margaret Floy Washburn would best be known for her work in comparative psychology. Her well-known text, â€Å"The Animal Mind† published in 1908. The textbook was a compiled research on experimental work in animal psychology, and covered a range of mental activities. The textbook was written during a time when research was done predominantly on rats. Margaret had cover more than 100 species, including the simplest of animals. She would look into their sense of perception; this includes hearing, vision, kinesthetic, and tactual sensation. Her main focus of the textbook is animal behavior. Her textbook would go through four editions (1917, 1926, and 1936) and became the standard textbook of its day (Goodwin, 2008). In her chapters of â€Å"The Animal Mind† suggested the animal psyches contained mental structures similar to that of human being and suggested that an animal consciousness is not qualitatively different from that of human beings. Margaret stated in her words â€Å"Our acquaintance with the mind of animals rests upon the same basis as our acquaintance with the mind of our fellow man: both are derived by inference from observed behavior. The actions of our fellow man resemble our own, and we therefore infer in them like subjective states to ours: the actions of animals resemble our less completely, but the difference is one of degree, not of kind†¦ We know not where consciousness begins in the animal world. We know where it surely resides—in ourselves; we know where it exists beyond a reasonable doubt—in those animals of structure resembling ours which rapidly adapt themselves to the lessons of experience. Beyond this point, for all we know, if may exist in simpler and simpler forms until we reach the very lowest of living being† (Wikipedia contributors, 2013, Margaret Floy Washburn, Para. 10). Conclusion Margaret Flow Washburn has been viewed as pioneer because of her push to become equally accredited for her success a woman, argumentative theories with Tutchener, and the development of her successful textbook â€Å"The Animal Mind. † She has been viewed a woman of success when encountered by obstacles would find ways to bi-past them and continue with her drive. Margaret Flow Washburn is an influential woman who has successfully set up all women after her pursuing a career in psychology to be successful and to have the same educational rights as men. This resulted in Columbia University to start Faculty of Philosophy who admits women to classes with instructor permission; authorizes the awarding of PhDs to women. Margaret has gone on to be one the most respected female Psychologist of her time and present day.

Calculating Cargo Load

Calculating Cargo Load MV STC Bulk Carrier is a geared handy max bulk carrier with five holds and a DWT of 49500T (summer). SHIPS GENERAL PARTICULARS NAME: STC BULK CARRIER TYPE: BULK CARRIER DWT SUMMER:49500 T DISPALCEMENT SUMMER:57923TONNES DISPLACEMENT WINTER:56423TONNES NUMBER OF HOLDS:5 (ALL CAN CARRY HEAVY ORE ) CRANES:430 TONNES HEAVY WEATHER HOLD:NO 3 BALLAST PUMP CAPACITY:2x2000T/Hr CONSUMPTION: FO-32TONNES PER DAY DO-2TONNES PER DAY IN PORT FW-4TONNES PER DAY IN PORT AND AT SEA SEA SPEED:14 KNOTS The ship has received the voyage orders as follows: Discharge bulk sugar SF 1.224 m3/tonnes at Jubail using 3 vacuum discharge at a rate of 250t/hr per vacuum discharge Load maximum cargo of sulphur SF 0.87 m3/tonnes with 4 shore feeders at Sharjah.Maximum draft at Sharjha berth is 15 metres Vessel will receive the required bunkers for the voyage at Sharjah after cargo operation. DISTANCE FOR THE VOYAGES Distance Dar Es Salam to Jubail is 3744 Nm Distance Jubail to Sharjah is 373 Nm Distance Sharjah to Summer Load Line is 3210 Nm Distance Sharjah to Melbourne is 6490 Nm The vessel is presently in tropical zone and will be entering the summer zoneÂÂ   on its way to Melbourne , so cargo should ne loadedÂÂ   keeping in mind that the vessel should be at here summer marks an arrival at summer load line i.e zone allowance should be added to get the correct value of cargo to be loaded . This assignment covers a detail calculation on how to get the total amount of cargo to load when vessel will be entering from one zone to other and different loadicator conditions . ANSWER: Gather information relating to the cargo from the IMSBC, company procedure, flag state requirements. Check if the cargo is in group A, B, C Sulphur is in Group B and Group C. The IMSBC states that the group B cargo of sulphur cannot be carried in bulk so we will be carrying group C sulphur cargo. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR PREPARATION OF HOLDS Tool box meeting to be carried out (MCA, 2016) Risk assessment to be carried out (MCA, 2016) Communication to be checked between the hold ,bridge and cargo control room (MCA, 2016) The cargo hold to be properly ventilated , gasses to be checked and a permit of work to be issued (MCA, 2016) (IMO, 2016) Dunnages to be removed if any. Bilges to be cleaned and dry (PI, 2002) Strum boxes, bilge covers, sounding pipes and thermometer pipes should be cleaned and not be defected Bilge suction of each hold to be tried out and bilges in good order (IMO, 2016) Bilges to be covered with burlap. The ventilation should be tried out Any damage in the cargo hold to be repaired (MCA, 2016) Hatch covers and entrance to the holds to be tried out for water tightness (PI, 2002) Hatch track ways to be cleaned (PI, 2002) All lighting arrangement in holds to be checked and any damaged or not workingÂÂ   ones to be replaced (MCA, 2016) Fire detection extinguishing system should be checked (STC, 2017) A thorough hold inspection to be carried out (PI, 2002) Crew should wear helmets, gloves, boiler suits, dust masks and gum boots at all time during cleaning process ,safety harness to be used when working aloft in the holds (MCA, 2016) DB tanks to be pressed to check if any leaks in the holds. Discharging of hold washing water should be carried out in accordance with MARPOL Annex V regulation 4.1.3 6.1.2 (IMO, 2011) Test entries to be logged down (STC, 2017) Any special requirements by the terminal, owners or flag state for hold preparation should be carried out. ADDITIONAL PREPARATION FOR SULPHUR CARGO Fresh water washing of holds to be carried out. (PI, 2002) (IMO, 2016) Fire line to be rinsed using fresh water from fresh water tanks using a GS pump. Once the line is flushed make sure that the anchor wash and all fire hydrants are shut (PI, 2002) Holds and bilges to be completely dry before loading (IMO, 2016) Electric equipments in holds nearby spaces should be intrinsically safe or if not then they should be isolated (IMO, 2016) Ventilators Spark arrestors to be inspected repaired if required (IMO, 2016) Bilge pumping arrangement shall be inspected for satisfactory operation lime washing should be done on tank top and lower sections of cargo spaces (IMO, 2016) Upper part of the hold shall have a sound coating of paint, if any paint has been pilled off then that area shall be painted (IMO, 2016) Any loos corrosion shall be removed (IMO, 2016) Machinery and equipments to be covered to protect it from small sulphur dust particles (IMO, 2016) ANSWER HAZARDS OF RAW SUGAR AND SULPHUR RAW SUGAR Sugar dissolve when comes in contact with water, this may result in formation of air pockets in the body of the cargo as the ship moves (IMO, 2016) (PI, SEPT 2006) It has a tendency of self heating/spontaneous combustion. It should be loaded well clear of places having source of ignition or heat Sugar has the tendency to absorb order (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) Raw sugar gets contaminated (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) Shrinkage or shortage of cargo due to loss of water vapour (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) InsectÂÂ   may be formed in sugar which can lead to diseases (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) Sugar ifÂÂ   melted may form sticky syrup like form (PI, SEPT 2006) Raw sugar has a distinct molasses smell that will spoil other cargoes (Thomas, n.d.) Raw sugar has a higher moisture than refined (Thomas, n.d.) SULPHUR Flammable and may have dust explosion during loading and unloading If catches fire emits harmful gases It reacts with sea water and produces corrosive acids and suffocating gases Sometime of granule sulphur behaves like grain which may result in shifting of cargo Dry sulphur does not react with bare steel, but wet sulphur (sulphur containing free water) is potentially highly corrosive (PI, 2002) When sulphur is loaded, any retained free water filters to the bottom of the holds during the voyage From there it is pumped out via the bilges (PI, 2002) Person may get a burning sensation in eyesÂÂ   when loading sulphur PRECAUTIONS WHEN LOADING AND DISCHARGING RAW SUGAR IN BULK Should be loaded away from the source of heat. NO SMOKING near the area of loading sugar (PI, SEPT 2006) The ships hold should be cleaned well before loading and should be free from any odour Proper PPE to be worn by crew at all the time Dust clouds should not be formed during loading Temperature and moisture contains of sugar to be monitored during loading and carriage and if required ventilation should be carried out to avoid caking Fermentation may result in formation of CO2 gas. Holds must be ventilated before entry and atmosphere to be checked (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) Loading operation should not be carried out in case of rain Care must be taken to make sure that hot sugar is not loaded into a bulk carrier intended to sail through cold waters to its discharging port, as change in temperature establish within a cargo can result in moisture transfer, and this in turn can cause caking of the cargo (Thomas, n.d.) PRECAUTIONS WHEN LOADING AND DISCHARGING SULPHUR IN BULK Smoking and hot work shall not be permitted in cargo spaces and nearby area All spaces and storerooms adjacent to the cargo area should be properly ventilated and proper precautions should be taken when entering in cargo hold and atmosphere should be monitored A fine spray ofÂÂ   fresh water is used to keep the dust down The loader should be positioned properly to avoid formation of dust clouds Loading operation should not be carried out in case of heavy rain Proper trimming of cargo to be done Surface ventilation must be carried out as required duringÂÂ   the voyage Face mask and eye protection should be worn at all times Lime washing of the tank top to be carried out cargo holds and bilges do be completely dry to prevent corrosion The upper part of the hold should be painted and pilled of paint should be repainted to avoid corrosion (IMO, 2016) Protect the machinery and equipments from small dust particles of sulphur (IMO, 2016) If sulphur catches fire, it should be smothered with more sulphur or with a very fine spray of fresh water not salt water (Thomas, n.d.) There is danger of dust explosion with powdered sulphur during loading and whilst cleaning the holds of sulphur (Thomas, n.d.) The shipper is required to provided the information regarding the cargo to be loaded as per SOLAS 1974 Chapter VI Reg 2 and the IMSBC Code section 4.2. Shipper may deliver this declaration by fax or other electronic device. In any electronic device where the signature of the declaring party cannot be transmitted full name of the declarant in capital letters must be provided on the form (STC, 2017) Cargo information shall be confirmed in written and by suitable shipping document before loading (IMO, 2016) Document should contain following information. The BCSN (IMO, 2016) The group of cargo (IMO, 2016) IMO class of the cargo (IMO, 2016) The UN number if applicable (IMO, 2016) The total quantity of cargo to load (IMO, 2016) The stowage factor (IMO, 2016) If trimming required and the procedures for trimming (IMO, 2016) Angle of repose (IMO, 2016) If the cargo has a likelihood of shifting (IMO, 2016) Moisture content certificate (IMO, 2016) Transportable moisture limit value (IMO, 2016) If the cargo may form a wet base (IMO, 2016) Toxic or flammable gases emittedÂÂ   by the cargo (IMO, 2016) Flammability ,toxicity, corrosiveness of the cargo (IMO, 2016) Self heating properties of the cargo if any (IMO, 2016) Gases emitted if in contact with water if applicable (IMO, 2016) If the cargo has any radioactive properties (IMO, 2016) And other information required by the national authorities (IMO, 2016) Whether the cargo is harmful to the marine environment (IMO, 2016) Shipper details (STC, 2017) Transport document number (STC, 2017) Means of transport (STC, 2017) Place of loading (STC, 2017) Port of discharging (STC, 2017) Additional certificate like weathering certificate ,exemption certificate if applicable (STC, 2017) Human health criteria data (STC, 2017) To obtain the information require by the section 4 of IMSBC code the shipper need to get the cargo properly sampled and tested (IMO, 2016) When water is found cargo holds loaded with bulk cargo there are a many reasons and each should be taken into account (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) The water may be given out by the cargo or there is a leak in hatch covers. It may have entered through any access hatch or an open sounding pipe. Water may have sipped in through a crack in the deck or the hatch coming or through a damaged ventilator (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) Ship staffs should have an accurate idea of the capacity of the hold bilge wells i.e. the greatest value are the sounding of the bilge when full and the approximate tonnage of water contained by the bilge when full (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) Aboard a ship which is well maintained the possible cause for an increased hold bilge sounding is that water has drained from the cargo into the bilge. When water is drain from the cargo there are two key requirements. The water must be pumped out of the bilge and not allowed to flood the hold, and the tonnage of water removed must be logged. It is advisable to keep a record of the tonnage of water discharged from the hold bilges, as recommended by the UN Draught Survey Code24 and in some trades it is a charter party requirement (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) When soundings are found to be rising for no reason a problem must be suspected and the hold must be investigated for a leak. The accessibility to the hold will depend upon the quantity of cargo, speed of flooding, shifting cargo and dangerous gases. If the hold can be safely entered, taking all precaution for enclosed space entry it may be possible to find an explanation for the flooding. If the hold cannot be entered, a careful exterior inspection of the compartment in search for any fitting which is improperly closed or damaged. If the sounding is found to increase whenever the vessel ships water on deck, a leak at deck level should be suspected. If the flooding continues at the same rate, or an increasing rate, at all times it suggests that the damage is below water level (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) FOLLOWING ACTIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT Firstly find out the amount of water in the hold and the root cause of water ingress Carry out a risk assessment of the situation Check the sounding of the bilges ballast tanks ,fuel oil tanks, void spaces etc No cargo operation to be carried out in hold No1 until total assessment of situation carried out Stability of the ship to be checked If entry in hold is to be done then ventilate the holds and work permit to be issued Inform the terminal about the damage Calculate the total amount of cargo damaged Make a log book entry of all the events Make sure all man holds nut bolts full tight and gasket in good condition Check comings, booby hatch entrance and deck plaiting for leakage Make sure all the bilge valves are properly shut Do not allow anyone to take pictures of the hold without permission If cargo damage is found, contact PI correspondents and ask them to arrangement of a survey. Following information to be given to correspondents:- name of the vessel, date of the incident ,place of the incident , cargo particulars, quantity of damaged cargo, amount of the damage, location of cargo, bill of lading no, loading port, loaded quantity ,cause of the damage, contact details of the agent ETA/ETD of the vessel (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Try to control further damage by taking all possible measures for lessening of damage unless such would involve a risk to the vessels safety (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Take photos of the damaged cargo and the suspected causes (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Log book entries like, sea conditions, weather and wind force (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Sea protest should be filed at next calling port, if the damage was caused by bad weather (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Make sure all time delays have been logged FOLLOWING PERSONS TO BE INFORMED Owners Charters and sub charters Manager Local agents Vessels insurance club e.g. PI DPA Technical superintendent of the ship Terminal Class of the vessel OTHER REFRENCES (Swedishclub, 2013) (PI, 2017) (WEST OF ENGLAND , n.d.)Q10 PROCEDURE FOR MAINTAINING THE CARGO LIFTING PLAN Regular maintenance should be carried out in order to keep the equipment in good order (MCA, 2006) (MCA, 2016) Inspection of the equipments should be carried out by a competent person. It should be carried out as required by the Regulations but in any event at least once annually (MCA, 2006) (MCA, 2016) Check for defects like cracks, corrosion and wear and tear that could affect SWL (MCA, 2006) (MCA, 2016) If in doubt about the equipment has , exceeding the Safe Working Load (SWL), or subjected to treatment likely to cause damage, it should be removed of service till a competent person carries out an examination (MCA, 2016) (MCA, 2006) Regular greasing of equipments to be carried out (MCA, 2006) The condition of all ropes and chains should be checked regularly and damaged once to be replaced .Shackles, links and rings should be renewed if damaged (MCA, 2006) Examine the structure for any damages (MCA, 2016) There should not be any trapped water inside the Gantries (MCA, 2016) Limit switch, stop botton, controls and brakes to be checked on regular basis (MCA, 2016) Makers specific parts to be used if any parts are to be replaced. Once any maintenance is done the equipment should be examined by a competent person before using it (MCA, 2016) Cranes: The annual inspections and periodical thorough examination shall be carried out. Inspection and maintenance should be carried out as per the Planned Maintenance schedule (PIUK, n.d.) The following things shall be inspected for signs of deformation, corrosion, cracks, etc Crane Jibs Winch and the foundation of the winch. Goose neck, blocks, shackles, hooks, spider bands etc Marking on the gear should be checked and clearly visible locking arrangements of all shackles and blocks to be inspected lubrication of all the parts should be carried out as per the lubrication plan in plan maintenance system All wires shall be inspected for any damages Hydraulic systems to be inspected for proper functioning Blocks: Annual inspection of blocks to be carried out. Responsible Ships officer should carry out periodic inspection of the blocks on a periodical basis. Carry out the inspection and maintenance as per the PMS (PIUK, n.d.) Following checks to be carried out Check for free movement of sheave heads and swivel Check grooves on sheave for wear and tear Check if any distortion or damage on side plate. Check for any play in the axel pin Check that the thread of the pin is in good order . Check split pin and Grease nipples and markings should not be painted . Lubrication to be carried out as per the lubrication chart Slings:(PIUK, n.d.) Slings should be annually inspected Responsible Officer should inspect it before use Periodic inspection should be carried out a per PMS During these inspections the following shall be checked:- Check if any broken strands, kinks and corrosion. Check rings, thimbles, for damages, deformity and corrosion. Slings should not be used if any signs of damage Lubrication as per the manufacturers Check the tags on sling and compare it with the certificate. A sling without a tag should not Wires: Wire ropes should be inspected regularly and replaced if stands broken, kinked, worn, or corroded. They should be lubricated and renewed as per the PMS Reference (MCA, 2016) (MCA, 2006) (STC, 2017) (PIUK, n.d.)

E Coli On Bathroom Surfaces

E Coli On Bathroom Surfaces In this experiment, we aimed to test the common statement that Pine- O- Cleen kills 99.9 of E.Coli on bathroom surfaces .To test this myth we used sterile swabs, sterile physiological saline sterile pipettes. Tile was used to represent bathroom surface and E .coli culture to represent unclean or contaminated surface. E coli culture was spread on the tile with sterile glass spreader evenly and then Pine-O-Cleen was sprayed on it. Therefore in this experiment, the independent variable is the length of time E coli was on the surface of the tile used and the dependent variable is the number of E coli forming units (cfu) or the Percentage of E.coli cells remaining on the Nutrient Agar Plate and Malt extract plate after being cleaned using Pine-O-Clean and controlled variables were length of time E.coli was left on tile, type of bacteria onto the tiles (E.coli), the surface area that bacterial growth is tested on number of bacteria initially present on tiles By using sterile pipettes, sterile glass spreader and using a known concentration of e .coli culture (1 ml) and pine- o-cleen (1 ml) on both of the tiles used, other variables were controlled such as incubation temperature incubation time. Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in number of E. coli cells surviving on bathroom surfaces with or without treated with Pine -O-Cleen. The effect of pine o clean in removal of bacteria from a contaminated surface was tested in weeks 12 and 13. Basically we tested the effect of Pine-O-Cleen on E. coli cells on bathroom surfaces. The results of the experiment in week 12 identified that the number of cfu on each plate were too low to be accurate and dilutions did not had decreasing number of colonies and some plates had 0 colonies and even control had colonies in it , so calculations were not done that week. Results in week 13 we obtained approximated cfu were transferred from the bathroom tiles and after it was treated with pine -o- cleen. This was determined by counting cfu on pour plates of the undiluted solution from week 13. Table 1: Pour plate counts of serial dilutions and total number of colony forming units (cfu) transferred from the bathroom tile contaminated with E.coli culture to a swab and the ones treated with pine -o -cleen. * The values were accurate for wk 13 since they were in the range of 25-250 cfu/plate for 10-4, 10-5 dilutions and plates were having decreasing number of colonies as dilution factor was increasing. Interpretation and conclusion: As mentioned above, total number of bacteria transferred from the tile with E.coli which was contaminated and after it was treated with Pine Oà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Cleen. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the pine O cleen has some effect on number of bacteria on the tile. Plates had decreasing number of colonies as dilution factor increased. There was roughly a 10 fold difference between successive dilutions. Although some bacteria survived the cleaning process, pine o cleen still kills germs on bathroom surfaces. Pine -O -Cleen possess antimicrobial substances and that surface bacteria die within minutes but it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t kill 99.9 of E .coli cells. In agreement with our results, previous studies have shown very little amount of pine o cleen is needed to kill a particular species of bacteria (Fidalgo, 2002). Other variables to consider is that length of time E.coli was left on tile, type of bacteria onto the tiles (E.coli), the surface area that bacterial growth is tested on number of bacteria initially present on tiles. Decontamination reagents used for flucloxacillin wipe sampling and degradation/stability tests included: isopropanol 50 and 70, ethanol 60 and 100, benzalkonium chloride 0.1 (Pine O Cleen), sodium hypochlorite 0.5 (Chloroclens), sodium hydroxide 0.03M and distilled water Previous studies have shown that Pine O cleen is very effective against bacteria and only 0.001 of bacteria was left behind after using Pine-O- Cleen . ( Fidalgo,2002). Based on our preliminary results, together with the results reported on other recent studies, which all suggest that pine -O-Cleen is effective against bacteria, we reject Null hypothesis since pine- o -cleen does have an effect on number of E.coli cells since in treatment we got 0 colonies. Critical evaluation of experimental design In week 12, we set out to evaluate the number of E. coli cells transferred from the surface of the bathroom tile with E .coli culture to a moistened swab. A dilution series was set up and spread plates of each dilution were performed. Unfortunately the number of CFU was too low to be accurate. Therefore the experimental design was modified in the second experiment in wk 13 to compensate for this problem. Due to limitation of the number of plates and bottles, the experiment was designed such that test in wk 12 were duplicated. We used 10-4, 10-5, 10-6 instead of 10-5, 10-6, 10-7.This introduced the possibility of variables due to potential differences in techniques and in concentration of E coli culture use. Therefore, the experiment could be improved by performing the duplicates at the same time, choosing treatments that altered the minimum of confounding variables, incorporating as many effective controls as possible, keeping number of replicates as high as feasible, Since total number of replicates available for the experiment were limited by resources, compromised between number of treatment and number of replicates per treatment, accounting for the time taken to apply treatments and then recording results, ensuring same number of replicates is present in each treatment, finding out the limitation on resources. If more materials were ordered like more bottles, tiles, NA plates it would have been ideal to increase the number of replicates for each test in order to make the results more statistically relevant. A recent study has demonstrated that the transfer of bacteria to food increased when cells were applied to the surface n the presence of growth media compared with dilution buffer (Moore et al, 2007). This additional variable could also be tested in future studies.

Poes The Masque (Mask) of the Red Death :: Mask Masque Red Death Essays

The Masque of Red Death People don't really have that much in common, but they do have one big thing in common, that is death. Death is the one thing that no one can stop. The short story "The Masque of Red Death," by Edger Allen Poe shows how that statement is true. Poe was a man who had had many experiences with a disease that killed many people in his life, in his story "The Masque of Red Death," he uses a lot of symbolic messages to express his views and feelings on that disease. Edger Allan Poe stated out with a home life that wasn't very stable. His blood father left when Poe was about one. His mother was an actress that moved Poe's sister, brother , and himself around a lot. Then when he was three she died of tuberculoses. After his mothers death Poe was separated from his sister and brother. Poe was sent to the Allen family. Then when Poe was in his early twenties Mrs. Allen also died of tuberculoses. At the age of twenty-six Poe married his cousin Virginia. She later died of tuberculoses. His brother died of tuberculoses also. In "The Masque of Red Death," Poe uses color as a symbol. He used the colors red, blue, purple, green, orange, white, violet, and black. In the story red stand for the death that comes over everyone in the story. In Poe's life it stands for the diseases that has killed everyone important to him, tuberculoses. Blue is the color of the first room, in Poe's life it is supposed to be him. The second room in the story is the color purple, this color is for Poe's mother. Then there is a green room, this room is for his brother. There was also an orange room for Poe's foster mother, Mrs. Allan. The white room was for his wife Virginia, and the violet room for her death. Last there was the black room, which was for Poe's death. What is time? Is time something that people just made up ? Poe seems to think that it means life. In the story a clock symbolizes life. In the story every time the clock would time the hour the party would stop,

The Meaning Of Life Through The Eyes Of Ivan Denisovich Essay example -

What is the meaning of life? This is one of the most frequently asked questions by all of humanity since the beginning of time. It is a question naturally asked by people because they have the ability to make choices about life. The question would appear to be difficult to answer and different for every individual depending on their circumstances. It is the ultimate search for truth and purpose in life, although the meaning of life is believed to be an idea that expresses their true purpose within life. These expressions can be defined within a given proximity in accordance with their current lifestyles. Ivan Denisovich ¡Ã‚ ¯s lifestyle differs from all aspects of a normal life, for his was depicted within a Siberian work camp in the Soviet Union. Within this camp all that mattered was the amount of food rations attained and the will to live the best he could. Although he was well aware of how things function in the camp, he learned when to work hard and when to take it easy, defi ning his acute character. The meaning in life through the eyes of Ivan Denisovich was to live a life of integrity and honesty, utilizing an optimistic attitude in all situations, while maintaining his upholding status. Ivan Denisovich is an old-timer in the prison camp and although he does odd jobs here and there to earn food or favors, he maintains a level of personal integrity. Integrity and honesty can be defined as the quality or state of being unimpaired or of being honest, refraining from lying, cheating, or stealing; being truthful, trustworthy, and upright. Ivan ¡Ã‚ ¯s honesty and integrity have been illustrated in many events that assure his own personal morals to live a life worthy of his own actions. He exemplifies these honorable morals in his actions throughout the entire day, which consisted of pitiful meals and harsh working conditions. He demonstrated his strict morality while eating dinner in the mess hall.  ¡Ã‚ °Yet, this old man is unlike all the other zeks. He sits upright and brings his spoon up to his lips. He does not put his bread on the dirty table, but on his clean rag. Somehow, even through countless years of prison life, he has maintained a sense of dignity. ¡Ã‚ ± He manifests his acute morals in all situations regardless of the status in which he is situated. He stands out, even though he is no different from any other, for many were wrongfully imprisoned for actions ... ...e been illustrated in many events that assure his own personal morals to live a life worthy of his own actions.  ¡Ã‚ °Somehow, even through countless years of prison life, he has maintained a sense of dignity. ¡Ã‚ ± Shukov demonstrated his integrity by attaining trust among the prisoners, a trust gained only from his previous engagements of sincere and honest deeds. Ivan ¡Ã‚ ¯s optimistic attitude motivated the others around him to perform the given tasks with a can do attitude. To a man, ones aspect of life can aspire a man to perform a great deed with a positive attitude, which Ivan had accomplished within the power plant. Ivan Denisovich ¡Ã‚ ¯s heart found sympathy for those who had suffered without a just cause for survival allowing him to remain sane throughout his sentence. His sanity was part of his meaning in life as his main goal was to live a life the best he could, and to maintain that life it was necessary for him to remain sane. Therefore the meaning in life through he eyes of Ivan Denisovich was to live a life of honesty and integrity with an optimistic attitude, allowing himself to sustain his own stature within his society while serving out his sentence as a prisoner of Communism.

Julia Serano, Whipping Girl Book Review

I found this book as disturbing but yet inspiring as well. This book is about a transsexual male to female. Transsexual is a person who has undergone a sex change operation whose sexual identification is entirely with the opposite sex. I could say that the book is disturbing because as I go through words and sentences, images keep showing up in my head. He was discriminated because of his change of sex and his behavior (girly boy). Being discriminated didn't let him to keep being all sad and sorrow. He stopped himself for being let down by people around him. He really is a brave man for writing the book. In this book, he writes about his experience and his feelings. I could not imagine if I was he. I could not imagine what does it feels like to be in his shoe. After reading the book, I was inspired by him. I think that people need to stop judging and stop discriminating. Everyone either transsexual or normal, we need to be treated the same way. Transsexuals are human too. They have feelings and thoughts. They could be hurt just like the normal people. Normal people don't have the rights to bully just because they think that they are more superior to people like them and try to make them feel like they are the outsiders and make them feel inferior. I did some research and found this video on YouTube. The video is about a transsexual woman, Samantha Lauzon. I think he is the first transsexual ever who has to courage to finally speak out about he life. On the video Samantha Lauzon said that he didn't understand his body and thoughts and Samantha Lauzon didn't know what he was doing. As a child he got bullied and attempted suicide. But finally he realized that he was wrong and he finally realizes the need to change in order for him to be happy. And it is true that as time goes by, it gets better. All the things that happened are really sick and sad. People need to know about them and how they feel. Its people’s job to try to understand transsexuals either from male to female or female to male. It is their job to educate themselves. Ending your life is never the answer. Suicide is the permanent answer or solution to a temporary problem. No matter who we are and no matter what we have accumulated and accomplished and what the position are we in our lives, one thing that we need to know and is certain; you will die and only God knows when. In other words, suicide is really a bad way to solve a problem. One thing that people need to know is; we need to be realistic and true to ourselves. There will always be people who judge us for one thing or another. We are rich or poor or tall or short or fat or thin. What matters is our own self-image. How we see ourselves is what matters no matter what gender you are. To keep a healthy outlook and know that no matter what anyone says you were in fact meant to be here on this earth right now right here just the way you are. Trans, Gay,? Bi or anything. What makes you different makes you special believe that and pass it on the other people.

Carbon Dioxide and Deforestation

Kayla Luther Module 4 Assignment 2 Course Project July 27, 2011 Outline : Deforestation Introduction: Deforestation is not something we can just look over. There are many things in our lives that we take pride in and protecting our forest is one of them. Our trees help our animals live, our crops grow, and our families survive. Thesis Statement: How do humans benefit from the trees? Arguments: I. Is deforestation the cause of climate change? A. The forest can provide many different products. 1. Consumers use these products everyday ? Cost of products increasing 2. Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere ? Most trees hold in the carbon dioxide . Changes in the ecosystem ? loss of trees mean higher risk of disasters. II. Rain forest are slowly vanishing B. â€Å"Slash and Burn† process. 1. Many farmers are following this process. ? new farmers and crops 2. loss of animals and species ? lose their homes and food 3. the rate of deforestation ? within 100 years all forest will be vanished III. Ecosystem vs. Deforestation C. The forest ecosystem benefits all humans. 1. Most places don’t have fresh water sources so the forest provides many resources. ? clean water 2. We takes trees for granted but what really is their purpose. ? Trees collect CO2 and release oxygen IV. Is pollution worse than deforestation? D. Flying in an airplane is better than cutting down trees. 1. The amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere ? One day of deforestation equals 8 million people flying 2. The amount of CO2 a tree holds. ? released into the atmosphere V. Is livestock and crops really that important? E. How can the livestock and crops live without tress? 1. Farmers should find clear land instead of clearing land. ? Trees provide food, shade, water, and oxygen for the livestock and crops. 2. New businesses and communities ? loss of trees VI. Where would the world be without trees? F. Is the world going to end because the lack of oxygen? 1. Natural Disasters are causing trees to be torn down. ? Tornadoes, hurricanes, and drought 2. Recycling will help reduce the amount of trees that have to be cut down ? use less packaging, paper, and plastic Conclusion: If we start thinking about our futures then we shouldn't have any problems in reducing the way we live now. Our planet needs our help by saving it and protecting what we have left. We all need to start by recycling, planting trees, and save what wildlife we have left. Even if we only help by ding one thing it is still considered helping. References: FAO. (2006). Scientific facts on forest retrieved on July 13, 2011 from http://www. greenfacts. org/en/forests/index. htm#2 Facing the Future (2011). Deforestation retrieved on July 27, 2011 from www. facingthefuture. org/servicelearning/fastfactsquickactions/deforestation/tabid/182/default National Geographic. (2011). Deforestation retrieved on July 13, 2011 from http://environment. nationalgeographic. com/environment/global-warming/deforestation-overview. html University of Michigan (n/d). Deforestation retrieved on July 13, 2011 from http://www. globalchange. umich. du/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest. html Howden, D (2007). Deforestation: the Hidden Cause of Global Warming retrieved on July 13, 2011 from http://www. independent. co. uk/environment/climate-change/deforestation-the-hidden-cause-of-global-warming-448734. html Emulgator. org (2005-2008). Pros and Cons of Deforestation retrieved on July 13, 2011 from http://www. emulgator. org/Politics-and- Government/5715-The-Pros-And-Cons-of-Deforestation Deforestation ( 2008). Pros and Cons of Deforestation retrieved on July 13, 2011 from http://edu. udym. com/pros-and-cons-of-deforestation/