Compare and contrast A Fistful and Dollars(1964) and Shane(1953) in Essay

Compare and contrast A Fistful and Dollars(1964) and Shane(1953) in both stylistic and thematic terms - Essay Example ovie, two rival families, which include the family of Rojo Brothers and the family of John Baxter, battle against each other not only to show superiority but also to express the feelings of pride, greed, and revenge to each other. In this movie, the stranger wants to make both parties fight against each other. The stranger, though comes to the town to earn money by making the two rival families fight against each other, yet he proves himself to be a good man as he frees Marisol from the prison and makes her leave the town along with her husband and her son. He not only provides them with the way to leave the town but also gives some money to them in order to tide them over. â€Å"Clint Eastwood redefined the notion of a hero in this film, a man who seems to operate by a code but doesnt feel the need to explain it† (Fairbanks, 2003). I think that the atmosphere of this movie is much more interesting and attractive as compared to the main story of this movie. The unexpected camera angles and the close-ups add to the great atmosphere of the film. The way the actors performed in this movie is excellent. They never make the audience feel tired of something. The movie keeps the attention of the audience intact and does not make the audience lose their concentration. I think the scenes of this movie have more appeal as compared to the story. Leone’s filmmaking style is a very innovative one and it is really a fun to watch on the screen. Leone is very expert in creating complex characters for his films and the character of the stranger in A Fistful of Dollars is one of them. The sound of gunfights and the suspense in the scenes are two of the basic elements of the film. â€Å"The strengths of A Fistful of Dollars relate to style, not storyline† (Berardinelli, 1999). A Fistful of Dollars is just a 100 minutes film which is a very short duration as compared to Leone’s other films which include The Bad and The Ugly and The Good. In A Fistful of Dollars, a very simple plot

Rapid Urban Growth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rapid Urban Growth - Research Paper Example Planning and controlling the rapid urban growth is a matter of utter importance. It ensures that there is organisation and an intention for consideration of all areas and people in them.  Rapid growth of urban population may imply there is increase in the productivity of urban areas. This results to numerous economic benefits for distribution to all the people even in rural areas of least developed countries. Urban growth initiates realisation of specific potentials within the localities (Glover 1972, 31). If these potentials are exploited for the good of all people rather than for the benefit of the few, then democracy can be on the high.Negative contributions to growth of democracy  Urban growth in least developed countries puts immense pressure on the government functionality. The need to provide the population with necessary amenities as well as facilities for maintenance of better lives is tasking to the government. The efforts of the government in meeting the socialized nee ds of the urban population are the bargaining power.   This means that areas with high urban tend to vote for socialized programs. In least developed countries, this is the main determinant of losing or retaining a power position in the government.Legislative positions in urban areas of least developed countries vary. The urban areas where larger populations dwell seize the main positions and power in the government. When the apportionment responsibility lacks, urban growth would lead and compel the government.

The Political Philosophy of the Constitution Essay Example for Free

The Political Philosophy of the Constitution Essay From my own perspective I feel that the major ideas of the political philosophy of the constitution are to mandate non-partisan redistricting for elections to enhance electoral competition. For example: To reduce the role that legislative politics might play, five states (Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, New Jersey and Washington), carry out congressional redistricting by an independent or bipartisan commission. Two states, Iowa and Maine, give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans, but preserve the role of legislatures to approve them. Seven states have only a single representative for the entire state because of their low populations; these are Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming. Redistricting is also necessary within school districts, where attendance zones have grown (or occasionally shrunk) disproportionately to the occupancy capacity of each public school in the system. This always occurs when a new school is built or one is closed, but may also occur due to other shifts in population. These districts are necessary not only to balance enrollment, but also to coordinate school bus routes. Separate maps are usually kept for each level: elementary school, middle school, and high school, for example. This is not an inherently political process, however parents can become very upset when their children are moved from a school they like (or to one they dont), and occasionally elected school boards have been forced to change plans after protests. 2nd Eliminate lifetime tenure for federal judges in favor of non-renewable 15 years term for all federal judges. Judges and certain members of some senates or upper chambers (senator for life) most commonly have life tenure. The primary goal of life tenure is to insulate the officeholder from external pressures. And last a Political meeting which we know as a constitutional convention is a gathering for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution. A general constitutional convention is called to create the first constitution of a political unit or to entirely replace an existing constitution. An unlimited constitutional convention is called to revise an existing constitution to the extent that it deems to be proper, whereas a limited constitutional convention is restricted to revising only the areas of the current constitution named in the conventions call, the legal mandate establishing the convention. Constitutional conventions have also been used by constituent states of federations such as the individual states of the United States to create, replace, or revise their own Constitutions though several states have never held a national constitutional convention for the purpose of proposing amendments, the 21st Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified not by the state legislatures, but by state level conventions after it was passed by Congress, as described as an alternate method of ratification in Article V of the US Constitution. Furthermore, The systematic elaboration of the consequences for politics of suggested resolutions of philosophical dilemmas (or of the intractability of those dilemmas). The greatest works of political philosophy try to present those consequences in relation to fundamental cosmological, ontological, and epistemological issues. They articulate a view of human nature which links the cosmological with the political. On a less grand scale, political philosophy explores the political implications of particular disputes, for example about the nature of the self (see communitarianism; freedom; liberalism; and autonomy), or about the notion of moral responsibility (see punishment). There is obviously a close connection between political philosophy and moral philosophy, because both involve exploring the nature of judgments we make about our values; consequently, when it was thought on epistemological grounds that it was not the place of philosophy to explore these normative matters, political philosophy was declared to be dead. Contemporary political philosophy flourishes because the epistemological argument once thought fatal to it has Do we need a Constitution. Yes! we need a Constitution because The founding principles behind the Constitution, were values created by men enduring the stress and pressure of creating a new union aside from the rule of Great Britain. Much debate and thought about human values and the rights of a free people were instituted in the writing of this famous document that has endured in the United States for nearly 232 years. Although there have been a variety of amendments, the basic content has been respected and used to govern in the USA throughout history up to the present. The majority of citizens believe in this document to govern our country as its tradition is valued still by many. Just like the Bible is a guide to many religious denominations, the constitution is a guide to the structure, laws and behaviors influencing the culture in America. In conclusion I hope that my ideology on major ideas of the political philosophy of the constitution are true and not of opinionated facts. I obtained my REFERENCES from: Hampton, Jean (1997). Political philosophy. p. xiii. ISBN 0813308586. http://books. google. com/books? id=-. Political philosophy is about political societies. ^ Sahakian, Mabel Lewis (1993). Ideas of the great philosophers. Barnes Noble Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 1566192712. Kraut, Richard (2002). Aristotle: political philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0198782001. (Cicero: a study in the origins of republican philosophy. .http://books. google. com/books. By the ninth and tenth centuries ^ Gellner, Ernest (1992). Plough, Sword, and Book. University of Chicago Press. p. 239. ISBN 0226287027. Natural Law and Calvinist Political Theory. Trafford Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 1412007382.

Attitudes Towards Implementation of Evidence Based Practice

Attitudes Towards Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Introduction The term of evidence based practice (EBP) was firstly used in medicine as evidence based medicine, after that the term developed and being used in nursing with purpose of build up scientific database to improve nursing as science (Colyer and Kamath, 1999). Evidence based practice was passed through three stages; in which the EBP was appeared in Old Testament which was the first form and appearance of EBP; after that the EBP was developed in different form in middle ages, in which the period of middle ages was considered a stage of renaissance of the EBP which characterized by beliefs-related methods of treatment; the third stage of EBP was the modern stage, in which the modern stage considered the last version of EBP that began at 1972; in which the modern version of EBP was the EBP that widely known form among highly educated and professional nurses (Claridge and Fabian, 2005). The Bible was the oldest known source in EBP documentation, in which the Bible contains a story that was represented as an interventional research that progress for ten days (Weingarten, 2003); the story in the Bible said Then Daniel said to the guard whom the master of the eunuchs had put in charge of Hananiah, Miscael and Azariah and himself .Submet us lo this rest for ten days. Give us only vegetables to eat and water to drink: then compare our looks with those of the young men who have lived on the food assigned by the king and be guided in your treatment of us by what you see. The guard listened to what they said and tested them for ten days. At the end of ten days they looked healthier and were better nourished than all the young men (Claridge and Fabian, 2005, P. 548). During the second stage of EBP (1700s-1900s), the EBP was restricted to believes-related methods of treatment; in which Blood-letting was the main treatment for many diseases in middle age period (Klar and Donner, 2002). Physicians and priests were used Blood-letting; in which Physicians and priests were believed that diseases caused by wicked souls; in which the diseased patients should be injured to expel the wicked souls with blood outside of patients bodies (Klar and Donner, 2002). During the last four decades, the EBP was featured in a modern form; in which the borderline for modern period of EBP was began in 1972 by Archie Cochrane (Klar and Donner, 2002). Cochrane (1972) published a paper with title of Effectiveness and efficiency: random reflections on health services; in which the paper was discuss and evaluate the effect of randomization (the randomization was regard to patients and regard to intervention) on the outcomes of the patients health. The Cochranes paper was the first paper reflects the importance of randomized clinical trials; in which Cochrane was found that the randomization of the sample and intervention will exhibit evidence with high quality which improve the quality of health care provided and improve health outcomes of the patients (Cochrane, 1972). Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2005) defined EBP as a knowledge-based conflict-resolving strategy that performed by adapting best available evidence to provide best possible care for patients and their families. Furthermore, Evidence Based Practice is a process of integration of research-based results which contribute to achieve best practice (Institute of Medicine, 2001). In addition, Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray (1996) estimated that evidence based practice is synchronous combination of professional nursing experience and research with high level of evidence under patients believes and values consideration. Besides that, Ingersoll (2000) documented that evidence based practice is meticulous, unambiguous, and well-judged theoretical information and reliable research-findings to provide effective decisions about patients care regard to patients and organizational needs (P. 152). Furthermore, evidence based practice defined as Explicit and judicious decision making about health care deliver y for individuals or groups of patients based on the consensus of the most relevant and supported evidence derived from theory-derived research and data-based information to respond to consumers preferences and societal expectations (Driever, 2002, p. 593). Evidence based practice is considered as a magical solution for complicated health problems (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Furthermore, evidence based practice considered wide discipline term used as a solution to clinical-related problems which began to provide findings and basics of clinical decision on best reliable and evident researches with purpose of improving health care provided (Sackett, Strauss, Richardson, Rosenberg, and Haynes, 2000). The Institute of Medicine (2001) was illustrated that EBP process provide intensive care to patients, using effective recent researches to achieve desired outcomes, and provide cost effective standard care. In addition, another study found that EBP enhance nurses professions by improving nurses knowledge and skills to analyze, understand and develop research (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2005). Evidence Based Practice improves nurses ability to be excellence profession in areas of practice, and improves patients health outcomes by providing high qualified nurses (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Evidence based practice improve patients outcomes within four dimensions; clinical dimension (improve signs and symptoms of patients diseases), life quality dimension (improve patient satisfaction upon to life), functional dimension (improve patients ability to achieve daily living activity), and economic dimension (using EBP was prove ensure of cost effectiveness for patient and hospital) (Weaver, Warren, and Delaney, 2005). In addition, Newhouse, Dearholt, Poe, Pugh, and White (2005) demonstrated that the evidence based practice improve efficacy of health care provided to achieve pleasurable patients outcomes, save patients/nurse time, and use of EBP considered cost effective for patients, families, and hospitals. Melnyk, Fineout-Overholt, Sadler, and Green-Hernandez (2008) documented that implementation of evidence based practice can be achieved by improving nurses knowledge and skills about research and evidence based practice, improve and strengthening nurses beliefs to reinforce nurses to be integrated within evidence based practice environment. Evidence based practice education allow nurses to formulate and answer any research question raised from clinical area by recent and reliable researches, allow nurses to critique and evaluate any research according to level of evidence, allow nurses to conduct researches according to patients needs; family; nurse; and hospital needs, and allow nurses to share research findings as journal club activity (Melnyk, Fineout-Overholt, Sadler, and Green-Hernandez, 2008). Another study conducted by Wolf and Greenhouse (2007) documented that using of EBP is significantly needed in clinical practice, in which EBP pleasured to achieve improvement in patientfamilynurse education regard to condition and treatment, improve quality of health care provided by nurse and hospital, improve using new technology in clinical setting as computers, and build nurses community prepared with recent scientific information. Most of health care provided by nurses nowadays is based on traditional practice with observable lacking in evidence-based practice (Mariano, Caley, Eschberger, Woloszyn, Volker, Leonard, et, al. 2009). Furthermore, an Iranian study was conducted to identify the Iranian nurses perception toward EBP, the Iranian study was conducted by using convenience sample of 21 nurses who undergone within qualitative research design; in which the Iranian study was documented that 21 participants from nurses did not listen about the concept of evidence based practice before and they did not implement EBP in clinical area (Adib-Hajbaghery, 2009). American and Netherlandic studies conducted at 1998 and 2001 respectively; was estimated that about 35% of hospitalized patients do not receive evidence based care (the nurses treat patients according to traditional care that was not based on researches) (Schuster, McGlynn and Brook, 1998; Grol, 2001); in which Estrada (2009) conducted a descriptive study to assess nurses knowledge and attitudes toward EBP, in which the Estradas study was founded that 25% of sample did not hear about EBP previously. Moreover, Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2007) was conducted a study to develop two scales; attitude toward EBP scale and implementation of EBP scale, in which Melnyks and Fineout-Overholts study was estimated that 40% of collected sample did not listen and dealt with the concept of EBP previously. Evidence based practice improve patients outcome; in contrast, lack of nurses prepared evidence based practice will affect patients outcomes negatively (Institution of Medicine, 2001); in which, about 25% of health care provided was not sufficient to meet patients needs and the health care provided was not safe for hospitalized patients (Schuster, McGlynn and Brook, 1998; Grol, 2001). Furthermore, Pravikoff, Pierce, and Tanner (2005) conducted a study to evaluate nurses perception to integrate within EBP which conducted by random sample of 1,097 nurses, the researchers were found that more than half of the sample did not listened about EBP previously, more than half of the sample had a negative attitudes toward EBP and those nurses was not integrated within EBP activities, 73% of the nurses had not ability to use electronic database, and all 1,097 nurses had not sufficient information about choosing best researches. The problems that impede of EBP for nursing and medical societies has been reported by Institution of Medicine (2001) in which around 45% of patient did not received professional health care; the implementation of new discovered evidence needs about two decades at least to let the recent of evident researches to be handled and public with nurses and medical stuff worldwide, and health care providers were not adequately prepared to translate recent researches in clinical practice. Hunt (1996) concluded that there is a wide whole between using the findings of researches and clinical practice; in which an interventional study was conducted to evaluate the effect of educational intervention on nurses knowledge and attitudes toward EBP, the pre- test of these educational study was showed that 50% of 49 convenience sample of nurses did not listen about EBP and professional health care provided previously (Varnell, Haas, Duke, and Hudson, 2007). In addition, Melnyk (2006) concluded that the implementation of evidence based practice was little in nursing that explained by Hunt (1996) who documented that there are several factors prevent evidence based practice implementation as: disorientation toward research, lack of beliefs (attitudes) exhibited toward using research, and lack of understanding of research elements. There are some barriers to EBP were appeared; these barriers limit nurses engagement within evidence based practice (Weaver and Sorrells-Jones, 1999). Funk, Champagne, Wiese, and Tornquist (1991) estimated that these barriers had been originated from different sources and organized within four categorical origins; characteristic of the nurse, characteristic of setting, characteristic of research and characteristic of presentation of research. Furthermore, Funk, Champagne, Wiese, and Tornquist (1991) documented that nurse can be considered as a barrier to implement EBP; in which nurses were unaware about principles of research and research process, and nurses had not sufficient time to implement EBP . Moreover, Funk, Champagne, Wiese, and Tornquist (1991) concluded that practice setting can be considered as a barrier to implement EBP; in which hospitals were not provided sufficient facilitation to implement EBP activity within clinical setting, and nurses had not ability to change pat ient-care procedure without getting permission from hospitals authority to change guidelines. Indeed, Funk, Champagne, Wiese, and Tornquist (1991) documented that research and research presentation can be considered as barrier to implement EBP; in which nurses were believed that research elements as introduction, literature review, methodology, statistical analysis, and conclusion were not understandable clearly within articles. Melnyk (2006) concluded that nurses need applicable teaching strategies to provide nurses with adequate evidence based practice knowledge and skills and provide nurses with positive beliefs (attitudes) toward integration within evidence based practice activity. Di Leonardi (2007) documented that lecture presentation for educational intervention was considered most effective and appropriate teaching strategy; lectures were widely-spread and known perfectly to all universitiescolleges-certificated persons. In addition, Hart, Eaton, Buckner, Morrow, Barrett, Fraser, et, al. (2008) were conducted an educational intervention to teach nurses about nursing research and evidence based practice by using computer-based modules strategy; in which the result was exhibit that the educational intervention improve nurses knowledge and skills about using research and evidence based practice, and improve nurses attitude toward evidence based practice. Lacey (1996) was evaluated 870 courses of the English National Board which contain materials enable student nurses to understand research and evidence based practice, with convenience sample of 30 nurses student; 65% of the students were demonstrated that knowledge, skills about research and evidence based practice were significantly improved after the educational intervention. Furthermore, Hundley, Milne, Leighton-Beck, Graham, Fitzmaurice (2000) compared between long term research course (six months) and short term research course (one month); the study conducted by convenience sample of 481 nurses and midwives; the result showed that nurses who integrated within long term research course were exhibited more knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward evidence based practice than respondent received short term research course. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of educational intervention about evidence based practice and nursing research lectures on the beliefs toward using evidence based practice, to evaluate the effect of educational intervention about evidence based practice and nursing research lectures on the frequency of the implementation of evidence based practice, to determine any differences between two groups (experimental and control group) regard to variables (age, gender, level of education, the experience in clinical area, and the effect of educational intervention that will be implemented), to investigate the variation among socio-demographic variables in response to evidence based practice beliefs and frequency of evidence based practice implementation, and to fixing first block in building EBP team in King Abdulla University Hospital.

Sports Information :: essays research papers

The Minnesota Vikings opened their developmental camp for veterans on Monday morning at Winter Park. The Vikings had a very high player turnout for their first session on Monday, including free agent signees Kenny Mixon, Lorenzo Bromell, Corey Chavous, and Henri Crockett. The developmental camp will run Monday-Wednesday and the Vikings will have workouts, classroom work, and weightlifting. â€Å"I thought the work was good,† Mike Tice said. â€Å"I thought the tempo was good today. I had to pull them back a little bit because I was worried about somebody getting hurt. But I thought the tempo was excellent and the guys understand that they have to be in good shape in order to keep up.† The only veterans not at Monday’s workout were defensive tackle Darius Holland and newly signed tight end Hunter Goodwin and punter Kyle Richardson. Tice said Holland had a death in the family and that Goodwin would likely be on the field tomorrow and Richardson on Wednesday. The Vikings will have their first mini-camp this weekend, when the team’s draft picks and rookie free agents will join the veterans for practices. â€Å"There is definitely a sense of excitement on both sides of the ball,† Byron Chamberlain said. â€Å"I think guys were eager to get out here after what seemed like a long offseason. Any time you win five games and lose 11, it tends to be a pretty long offseason. There is a sense of excitement with the moves we made in the draft and free agency and just seeing guys out here for the first time.† Notes The Vikings signed rookie free agent wide receiver Kelly Campbell on Monday. Campbell played for Vikings’ defensive line coach George O’Leary at Georgia Tech, where he had 56 catches for 708 yards and three touchdowns in 2001. He is Georgia Tech’s all-time leader in career catches (198), receiving yards (2,907) and touchdowns (24). Comments from Monday Daunte Culpepper On his knee I’m fine. I’ve just rehabbed it real good this offseason. I’m feeling real good. I’m over 90 percent and I’m ready to go. (It just) needs a little more strengthening, that’s all. I can run. I would like to strengthen it a little bit more so it’s equal to my right, or even stronger. On Bryant McKinnie He definitely is a blessing to us and definitely to myself. I’m glad that we got him. I was hoping and praying that we would, and I couldn’t believe that he dropped to number seven.

Food Fight Essay -- Health Culture Nutrition Essays

Food Fight In America, one would be hard pressed to find a town which did not support at least one McDonald’s, Burger King or Wendy’s. Pizza parlors are a necessity in college towns. Ice cream shops are abuzz with customers of all ages after dark. And hey, who ever heard of a movie without popcorn? The increasing visibility and importance of food in our culture has been a phenomenon. Food began as a necessity of life. It was the source of energy, which allowed the body to grow and prosper, and for hunters and gatheerrs to survive. In modern times, the role of food in everyday life has taken on a life of its own, from the blue-ribbon palate pleasers tickling taste buds to political statements drawn in chocolate to social drinking. The resulting uses of food are as diverse as the different foods it encompasses and as inseparable from a person’s daily life as breathing. How can something so simple as energy-intake convey have become such a large and varied part of everyday life? Food as a family affair is largely determined by the family’s lifestyle; conversely, knowing a family’s eating patterns says a lot about their lifestyle. Sitcoms portray meals as a leisurely occasion for the family to sit down together to enjoy savory foods fresh from the oven, which the loving wife has been tending for the past two hours. Then reality sinks in. The increasing popularity of TV dinners, microwave gourmet, and prepackaged snacks caters to a family without the time for such luxury. Why cook when you can heat up a frozen entrà ©e of teriyaki beef or homestyle apple pie in just four minutes? As the tendency for both spouses to be employed full-time has increased from 33% of families in 1972 to 67% in 1998, according to the National Data... ...heir lives before they can begin to conquer the problems which have arisen from it. As food has become increasingly available, society has found new ways of playing with it, spinning out brand loyalty, hobbies, programming and cults dedicated to food. Before people embrace these new food novelties, however, they must first as a culture establish the terms of their new relationships with food. Only then can we both enjoy the delights of the kitchens without destroying our health and self-image in the process. Sources Cited foodies.com forfoodies.com Eric Schossler's Fast Food Nation (2001) â€Å"Body Image Statistics† womensissues.about.com/cs/bodyimage/a/bodyimagestats.htm â€Å"Overweight and Obesity Fact Sheet† www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_adolescents.htm â€Å"The Emerging 21st entury† cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/dlib/sc-42.htm.

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee Essay

Americans who have always looked westward when reading about this period should read this book facing eastward†. Despite the popularity of the eyewitness accounts, Brown is not an absentee narrator. In the book Brown emphasizes two main points, the language he uses and the storyline of the book. He uses these two things to give the eyewitness accounts as much impact as possible. In the process, he attempts to defile his enemy in all kinds of different manners: The way Brown makes his readers; view eastward is by using the faults that have plagued the Native Americans. Brown’s way of emphasizes language allows the readers to connect to the Native Americans and this allows the book to thrive and continue. This book differs from a lot of other books about Native Americans, because he uses many Native American interpretations. For example, the Sioux and Cheyenne’s frequently see trains pass through their land in the Powder River country. Says Brown: ‘‘Sometimes they saw Iron Horses dragging wooden houses on wheels at great speed along the tracks . They were puzzled over what could be inside the houses. ’’ Brown uses the terms ‘‘Iron Horses’’ and ‘‘wooden houses’’ to describe trains and train cars, as a Native American at this time would have perceived them. Brown also uses the Native American designations for U. S. military ranks in his descriptions. For example, to a Native American at this time, a general was known as a â€Å"Star Chief† and a colonel was an â€Å"Eagle Chief†. In addition, Brown refers to prominent American historical figures by their Native American names. For example, many Native Americans called General George Armstrong Custer ‘‘Hard Backsides,† â€Å"because he chased them over long distances for many hours without leaving his saddle †. Brown also uses Native American naming systems for natural processes like time. Because Americans during this time divide the year into twelve months and refer to these months by names like May and June, however, Native Americans referred to these time periods by their relationship to nature. So, in Brown’s book, May is â€Å"the Moon When the Ponies Shed† and June is â€Å"the Strawberry Moon†. By using distinctly Native American interpretations like these in his narration, Brown takes his readers deep into the Native American experience. In the process, the reader begins to identify with the Native Americans. When readers identify with characters, they tend to feel sympathy for them. Through Dee Browns thesis, Brown organizes his story to maximize his readers’ sympathetic emotions. Brown establishes a three? part structure for most chapters, which demonstrates again and again that Native Americans lost no matter what they did. Francis Paul Prucha for examples states that â€Å"The materials have been selected to make the authors point, not to present a balanced view of what happened, from the Native American standpoint or from any other†. Typically, the chapter begins with a discussion of a chief or tribe who has lost something, generally a piece of their land and still has more to lose. For example, in the beginning of the second chapter, Brown notes: â€Å"As the result of two deceptive treaties, the woodland Sioux surrendered nine? tenths of their land and were crowded into a narrow strip of territory along the Minnesota River†. Following the discussion of what has been already lost; Brown introduces the second part, the struggle. For Native Americans in the nineteenth century, the struggles were many, whether they decided to go to war or did not. Many tribes in the book do choose to fight to retain their remaining land and freedom. In most cases, the tribes win some battles but end up losing the war. The U. S. soldiers are too advanced and numerous to be defeated, something that the Native Americans begin to realize. For example, Little Crow is cautious about fighting at first, because he had been to the East and seen the power of the Americans. They were everywhere and with cannons they would destroy everything in their path. Even when the Native Americans outnumber the whites, the military technology can be the decisive factor in the victory. As many Native Americans learned, even though they had bravery, numbers, and massive charges all of that would mean nothing if the Native Americans were armed only with bows, lances, and clubs. In cases where the Native Americans try to remain peaceful, Brown shows many ways that they are provoked into war. In several cases, settlers or miners hungry for the Native Americans’ remaining land spread lies in an effort to get the government to take their land. During the Civil War, Native Americans were sometimes provoked into fighting because it was the safer of two options for white, male citizens. For example, Brown says there was political pressure on soldiers from Coloradans who wanted to avoid the military draft of 1864 by serving in uniform against a few poorly armed Indians rather than against the Confederates farther east. Even after the Civil War, when the draft was no longer an issue, some drafted soldiers used lies to provoke Native Americans and kill them because peace was not profitable for the settlers. The final part of Brown’s argument in most chapters is the ending. Due to the massive struggles that Native Americans faced whether or not they chose to remain peaceful, most chapters end badly. The chiefs, who are often depicted as strong in the beginning and middle of the chapters when they are fighting for their land and people, end up dead, in prison, in exile, or on a reservation with the rest of their people. Even the exceptions to this rule, such as the chapter depicting Red Cloud’s successful war, ultimately end negatively. Red Cloud’s story is an example of the overall structure of the book. The book starts out with many Native Americans living free and retaining parcels of their land. As the story progresses and the white emigration start to take over, large armies and groups of white settlers cut down the various tribes. By the end of the book, the effect of white emigration has impacted around so much of the country that most Native Americans are dead, in prison, or on scattered reservations. To conclude I felt the effect on the reader is profound. Brown has gotten his readers to root for the underdogs by using eyewitness accounts and language to draw readers into the Native American experience. Yet, in each chapter Brown steadily crushes any hope that the reader might have for the Native Americans winning much of anything by using his plot. By using these strategies, Brown makes his readers feel more into the book by trying to make them sympathize to the Natives. Brown’s tone, or attitude towards his subject matter, is one of barely restrained outrage, and he wants readers to get angry, too. Tom Phillips, another reviewer states, â€Å"Brown has gone too far at some points and is guilty of the same faults as those who created the raditional image of the Native American as savage, alcoholic and expendable†.