Environment: Pollution and Human Impact Essay

Every living thing has an impact on its environment. Therefore a human impact on the environment is inevitable. By simply existing, all species – including ourselves – will imprint their mark on the world around them. What differentiates us from other species is our ability to greatly overburden our environment with very few limits. The information regarding our human impact is vast and impossible to cover in one article but I will attempt to cover a basic overview. For 200 years we’ve been conquering Nature. Now we’re beating it to death. ~ Tom McMillan Water Pollution Perhaps the most obvious examples of a negative human impact on the environment is water pollution. It’s obvious we need water to survive but few people realize how much we need and just how much is available. Consider these facts from the United Nations Environment Programme: * Of all the water on Earth, only 2.5% of it is freshwater. * Of that 2.5%, less than 1% is available to us. * Humans each require up to 13 gallons (50 litres) a day of fresh water for drinking, cooking and cleaning. This does NOT take into account the countless gallons of water needed to grow food or care for animals. * 70% of all freshwater usage goes to irrigation. According to Organic Farming Research Foundation, only 2% of farms are organic. This means almost 69% of our freshwater supply is being contaminated by chemical pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers, while also compounded with fossil fuels and emissions from heavy farming machinery. These chemical compounds contribute to acid rain. Since very little can live in an acidic environment, acid rain has harmful effects on plants, animals, and aquatic life, as well as humans and even buildings, statues or other objects. Acid rain also contaminates our limited freshwater supply, and thus the cycle of water pollution continues. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 45% of assessed stream miles, 47% of assessed lake acres, and 32% of assessed bay and estuarine square miles were not clean enough to support uses such as swimming or fishing. The following reasons and possible sources for this include: Photo Source: Alan Liefting| * Sediments, pathogens and habitat alterations from agricultural activity and hydrologic modifications (such as dams) * Excessive nutrients, metals and organic enrichment from agricultural activity and atmospheric deposition (the movement of pollutants from one environment to another, such as from water to air) * Heavy metals (primarily mercury), excess nutrients and â€Å"organic enrichment† from industrial and municipal discharges (â€Å"treated† or untreated waste water released from sewer plants and industrial factories into natural water sources) These points listed above lead to a poisoned and uninhabitable environment for plants and aquatic life, as well as affect land animals and humans reliant on these systems for survival and other land-bound plant life in need of clean water for growth. Land Pollution Land pollution, the degradation of the Earth’s surfaces and soil, is caused by human activity and a misuse of natural resources. Causes of land pollution and degradation include: * Urban sprawl: Natural habitats are removed to make room for communities, usually with inefficient or irresponsible planning. Urban sprawl generally results in a waste of land area for unused development (such as excessive roads, decorative and unused areas, etc). * Poor agricultural practices: Animal manure runoff from CAFO (Confined Animal Feeding Operations), the use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, the practice of growing monocultures (only one crop season after season) and the deforestation required to expand farm land all contribute to degradation and pollution. * Personal consumption: Our modern culture’s desire to have more, bigger and better â€Å"things†, as well as our relationship to and habit of waste, has lead to stripping of the land, excessive mining and pollution from industrial activities. * Industrial activities: The production of chemical-laden plastics, poor quality of products, unethical practices (such as illegal dumping), and extreme emissions affect both surrounding and far-reaching areas. None of this takes into account illegal dumping, diminishing landfill space, litter,  overproduction of synthetic materials, radioactive waste and more. All land pollution is caused by a human impact on the environment and thus can be averted by our actions alone. Two of the necessary actions must be proper planning and proper usage of natural resources. For instances, animals could be taken out of CAFO and allowed to graze on mountainous or wooded areas unsuitable for buildings or crops. Using organic and sustainable farming techniques can eliminate our need for chemical applications. Clean energy, such as wind or solar power, can slowly begin to replace coal or nuclear plants. And as consumers we can lessen our human impact on the environment by demanding better quality products, environmentally ethical practices from industries and a shift toward sustainable energy. Air Pollution One bit of good news about our human impact on the environment is that air pollution is lowering and air quality is increasing. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, since 1990 to 2008: * Ozone decreased 14% * Lead decreased 78% * Nitrogen dioxide decreased 35% * Carbon monoxide decreased 68% * Sulfur dioxide decreased 59% However, 127 million people still live in areas that exceed quality standards. And some of the quality standards are far from ideal, such as ozone. The question is: what amount of air pollution is really okay? Shouldn’t we be striving for technologies or practices that virtually eliminate major polluters, such as: | Photo Source: Michael CavÃÆ' ©n| * Better public transit, electric cars, rail, and city planning etc to replace heavy commutes, fossil fuels, air travel and unwalkable communities * Retrofitting or otherwise upgrading existing factories with greener technologies such as solar panels or air filtration systems * Removing  animals from factory farms and raising them on natural diets and rotating pasture to reduce methane emissions and pollution The greatest human impact on the environment we can have is to vote with our pocket book and our actions. By supporting companies that use greener technologies, we can start a trend toward better solutions. By getting involved in community planning and zoning we can have a global impact on a local level. And by buying less â€Å"stuff†, eating less animal products and sourcing our food from sustainable farms, we can spread the word that better solutions do exist and they don’t have to cater to mega-corporations and lobbyist pressure. The Consequences Of A Human Impact On The Environment Man maketh a death which Nature never made. ~ Edward Young What most of us fail to realize is that we will never truly destroy Earth. The planet will always remain and its nature will change and adapt to the conditions. But we have evolved to rely on the very particular conditions currently in place. We have specific water and food requirements, can only tolerate certain temperature ranges and we must have an abundance of clean, breathable air. Just look at how the environment is affecting human health already. Thus the question is not whether the Earth can withstand a human impact on the environment. The real question is will we so change the environment as to drive ourselves (and other species) to extinction? Ready To Get Stepping? All of this information about the human impact on the environment is great to help you understand and formulate your own opinions to the issues, but the most important part is not your opinions; it’s how those opinions change your lifestyle. Don’t find fault. Find a remedy. ~ Henry Ford If you’re ready to get started, I’d recommend the following Steps first: * Top Ways To Go Green: These should be your starting points. They are the no-duh things and most of them are very easy to implement. * Going Green At Home: For most of us, our homes are probably our biggest carbon footprint. Pop over there to learn easy ways to save water, energy and other  resources.

How to Write a Research Essay in Health Care #038; Demonstrate a Clear Academic Understanding of the Subject

How to Write a Research Essay in Health Care #038; Demonstrate a Clear Academic Understanding of the Subject The health care field is an extremely dynamic and complex area, and the healthcare parameters that are constantly changing make it too hard to write a winning research essay. By the time you are done with the essay in health care, some new unexpected study has already emerged and somehow changed everything in the subject you thought you were sure about. But the great news is that there is hope! While the literature in health care area may be in flux all the time, there are some recommendations that can help you create a powerful research essay on any health care topic within a minimum hassle and worries. Even though research essay writing in health care area may seem like a task that is impossible to cope with, it’s important that you’re able to show a strong understanding of academic healthcare theory and practice in writing. Let’s take a look at the advice below on how to go about a strong health care research essay. How to Choose a Health Research Essay Topic? Of course, if you were provided with a clear task to write text in a certain topic you won’t have to spend countless days trying to search for something crucial and interesting to research. You don’t need to decide on which health phenomenon or problem is more important today or what needs to be discussed at least in your project. If that’s the case, you have an opportunity to relax, and do research on the web or in a local library, and then have a rest. However, if you find yourself in the situation that is absolutely contrary, you will have to hunt for research essay ideas and browse through loads of essays’ samples. It is important to bring together all of your forces, turn on your inspiration, and start looking for the best ideas for writing. What do you think, what are the most popular health care topics at the moment? What is it that you see on TV or hear on the radio? Maybe you have already seen some interesting issues on the web sites like Healthcare Global or KidsHealth and have something in your mind. Whatever it is, the following recommendations will help you to focus on a particular thought or maybe change your mind completely. Now, let’s take a look at some of the research essay topics in the field of health care one by one. 1. Anorexia and Overweight When you write about health care, it’s impossible to forget about such devastating thing as overweight and anorexia. These are two highly debatable topics nowadays that have a lot to talk about: How to Manage Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa; Key Variables in the Development of Eating Disorders During the Adolescence; The Thinness Cult in the US Culture Today; The Feminism Effect on the Phenomenon of Anorexia; New Findings on Neuropsychology of Bulimia Nervosa. 2. Insomnia Today, insomnia is a burning issue since a lot of people suffer from it. The following research essay topics will cover various aspects that are related to insomnia somehow: Sleeping Pills: Harm, Placebo or Treatment? Effects of Speed Life Style on Healthy Sleep; Insomnia: The Key Causes and Effects; Insomnia and Circadian Rhythm Disorder; Alternative Insomnia Treatments. 3. Euthanasia The question of euthanasia has been always a hot topic all over the globe. While some countries find nothing wrong in this kind of merciful deal, the rest of the world is against it. If you have your research essay in health care due soon, consider working on this topic and develop it the best way possible: Euthanasia Its Moral Issues; Euthanasia: The Attitude to â€Å"Merciful Death† in Different Countries; Do People Have a Natural Right to Die? Can Death Be a Relief for a Human Being? Legalization of Euthanasia in the Third World Countries. Research for Health Care Research Essays Research essays that usually deserve the highest marks include information taken from trusted research articles, books and journals. This ensures that the topic of yours is deeply researched and supported by the reliable materials. This is especially important to the writers who work on the topics that have been previously discussed on various internet sources and published resources. Furthermore, disseminating research findings from scientific articles is highly crucial if you want to demonstrate strong understanding in your project. Search for additional information in the field of health care on electronic databases such as Medline and Pubmed. Structural Specifications for Research Essays in Health Care Although every other research essay will be different throughout your college education experience, successful essays will follow the same structure requirements all the time. Writing a successful research essay in health care depends on understanding the basic structure rules. The essay should start with an introduction that summarizes the way you plan to discuss the question and what course exactly your arguments are going to follow. The research essay on â€Å"Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents† will include the introduction that might sound, â€Å"This paper reviews child and adolescent mental disorders and associated long-term health risks. The first section argues that there is much overlap between the symptoms of metals disorders and the challenging emotions and behaviors of normal kids. Limitations of the possible measures are presented. The second section sums up the evidence on the relationship between adolescent (child) and adult adiposity†. Following on from this the body of the research essay will be presented according to the plan you set up in the introduction so that your arguments flow naturally from one to the next. Right after the presentation of your body, the concluding parts of the research essay in health care will summarize what you have said in your essay, and will include the message that you would like the readers to take away from your research. However, you have to make sure that the conclusions that you write don’t go far beyond the research you have done in your paper. Refine Your Arguments Once you have completed your first draft, you now have an opportunity to refine each argument, fact, idea, data or result in order to ensure they all address the essay research question. Besides, this stage is needed to see if the argument flows in a coherent manner. Among the useful methods that are popular among college students, you may choose the following: Leaving two or three days between accomplishing the first draft and writing the second draft; Reading the research essay out loud in order to ensure the paragraphs fit together; Comparing your research question to the arguments in your text to ensure you have achieved a logical progression. Stay away from Common Pitfalls When college professors are asked to mention some of the most common errors that students make in their research essays in health care, they usually mention the same weaknesses. To create a wonderful research essay in this area, the author should do his or her best to stay away from the following: Writing not in an academic but a journalistic style; Not appreciating theoretical controversies; Failing to answer the research question; Providing unsubstantiated claims; Lacking critical evaluation and analysis. Consult a Health Expert Writing a research essay in health care differs from the other types of academic assignments because in this case the writer is not allowed to make up stories or give his or her points of view. Only true life and scientifically supported research facts should be included on your pages. To get the grade that you like, there is no better way than to go and see a health care expert in the subject that you chose to research. Ask all the questions that you have during the next appointment with your doctor. If you have doctors or medical students among your friends, do not hesitate to interview them. Go to the sources like AXA PPP Healthcare for more answers. Plagiarism, Referencing and Demonstrating Originality Whenever you write a research essay in health care, it’s always important that you refer to each of the sources that you used to communicate your arguments, facts, data, and ideas. The writer has to do this both in the essay text and the reference part at the end. If you refer to the general theory that exists in health care literature, you can make the textual reference in the following ways: ‘Psychological safety (Amy Edmondson, 1999) and learning behavior in work teams must be strictly monitored’. ‘Amy Edmondson’s (1999) theory states that psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams must be strictly monitored’. All of the direct references to the text should be frames in special quotation marks. Besides, you have to provide the page numbers. For example: ‘Academic evidence shows there is a strong connection between ‘psychological safety’ and a culture of learning within an organization’. (Amy Edmondson, 1999, pp. S123). Provide every citation in the research essay text with a corresponding entry in the sections ‘References’ that should be placed at the end of the paper. In order to reference an article in a health care journal: Kuh, D., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Lynch, J., Hallqvist, J. and Power, C. (2003) Life course epidemi-ology, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57: 778–83. To reference an article from an online journal: Division of Tuberculosis Elimination [Internet]. Atlanta: CDC; [updated 1999 Oct; cited 2006 Sep 19]. Self-study modules on Tuberculosis, Module 7: Confidentiality in Tuberculosis Control: Background. Available from: cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/ssmodules/module7/ss7background.htm. In order to reference a book: Bhopal, R.S. (2002). Concepts of Epidemiology: An Integrated Introduction to the Ideas, Theories, Principles and Methods of Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Use Health Care Vocabulary Properly Just like in case with any other field of study, health care has its own vocabulary that the writer has to use widely. A good vocabulary will allow you to express what you mean exactly, in a concise and clear manner. What is more, economy with words is one of the basic characteristics of a research essay that deserves the best marks because the readers don’t like to waste their time on long and hard-to-understand sentences. So, your task is to express your points briefly and never include anything that could have been written in half the number of words. One of the best ways to make certain that the writer can communicate clearly and to the point is when he or she effectively and accurately uses the advanced vocabulary. If you are a good research essay writer, you should never rest on your laurels when the question is about the vocabulary. The thing here is that your vocabulary is something that you have to improve here and there since there are always new and unknown terms that help to communicate your points in a more effective manner. What is more, using a rich health care vocabulary proves the writer is intelligent and helps him or her remain persuasive no matter what. Read Other Writers’ Essays Just like the books and journals that you read subconsciously help you to work out your own special writing style, reading the essays written by the other students will help you develop your style in writing. Choose some of the best research essay in health care, including both the ones written by the academic and your peers. Read papers on a wide range of topics in your area of study, not necessarily just the ones that are related to your topic. The thing here is that different topics in health care might apply different types of styles and arguments. In other words, the more you read, the more possible techniques and methods there are for you to take and use in your own writing. We hope that you have found these simple recommendations and techniques useful and that each of them will help you to know more about the field of health care.

Breastfeeding A Healthy And Beautiful Way For Mothers

Breastfeeding mothers face many challenges when trying to exclusively breastfeed such easy access to formula, physical complications such as pain and lack of professional and peer support. The short-term and long-term benefits of breastfeeding for mom and baby are not as widespread as health care professionals believe and it is thought that an increase in this knowledge would boost breastfeeding rates. Lack of support is one of the main reasons many mothers either do not breastfeed or quit after†¦ Breastfeeding is something that women have done since the beginning of time. However, now women have other options other than breastfeeding. Yet, researchers have found that by not breastfeeding both mothers and children might be missing out on important benefits. BREASTFEEDING CAN LEAD TO BETTER HEALTH, INCREASED BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND CREATES STRONG PARENTAL BONDS THAT AFFECTS FUTURE RELATIONSHIPS. Although there are many different variables in a woman’s lifestyle that affect the effectiveness of†¦ Breastfeeding for New Mothers Imagine how it might feel to be a new mother who has decided to breastfeed her baby. There are so many thoughts and questions swirling around in her brain. Is she doing it right? Is the baby getting enough milk? Perhaps most importantly, how to hold and position the baby. These are just a few of the questions that as an expecting mother, I wonder about. Although breastfeeding is a natural process, each new mother will go through her own process of trial and error and†¦ Breastfeeding It is amazing to see the pictures of mothers who are breastfeeding their babies. That fascinating images were created from the inspiration. Unfortunately, that image has faded in the minds of today 's women. In fact, only 15% of American women breastfeed their babies in a year, and this rate is the lowest in the world (Springen). Why? Is breastfeeding very uncomfortable? Breastfeeding has negative impact on the mothers? Is breast milk from mothers unhealthy to their infants? The answer†¦ The aggregate that will be discussed in the following paper are breastfeeding mothers, with a focus on breastfeeding mother’s that currently reside in North and West Vancouver. With Canada and Vancouver’s north shore being a multicultural community, this aggregate is made up of a diverse group of women who range in age and ethnicity. In Canada, the average age of these women is 29.6 years (â€Å"Family Life†, 2014). When looking at the province of British Columbia is should be noted that the maternal†¦ ?ISSUES OF BREASTFEEDING FOR MOTHER OF TWINS? INTRODUCTION Multiple births are often difficult and mother faces a real dilemma on breastfeeding. It is even harder in the cases of twins and the mothers are the ones who go through stress of breastfeeding. This research is done to find out what are the issues that a breastfeeding mother of twins faces along with the factors that causes the mothers to change their decision of breastfeeding. LITERATURE REVIEW Mothers always want to provide their babies†¦ Is Breastfeeding Inevitably Best for Healthy Development? Ndeye Khary Seck Brookdale Community College Psych 208 Professor Brent Costleigh 8/13/16 The biggest decision to make as an expectant mother is whether to breastfeed or formula feed the baby to come. Organizations such as World Health Organizations (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and La Leche League (LLG) recommend breastfeeding as the best option for the newborn. Most of†¦ Breastfeeding is the normal way to feed an infant. International organizations such as the World Health Organization, the International Pediatric Association, UNICEF, and the International Lactation Consultant Association promote breastfeeding. In the United States, breastfeeding is promoted by the Surgeon General, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and the American Public Health Association The American†¦ The article I chose to read and review is â€Å"Five E’s to Support Mothers with Postpartum Depression for Breastfeeding Success.† The reason I chose this article is because I have never had to work with or deal with any type of depression of my own so I want to be able to help someone else succeed in an area that I have no experience in. I know that just reading an article will not make me an expert but it will definitely give me something to start with. How to provide support to Mother’s wanting to†¦ In the past mothers depend greatly on breastmilk as the best way of feeding babies. With the advancement in technology and daily hassles, mothers turn to either breastfeed for a couple of months, then formula feed their babies. Every mother has the right to decide whether to breastfeed or bottle feed, this personal right will be supported no matter the decision. However, exclusive breastfeeding is the best thing a mother can give to her baby for the first six month of the baby’s life. This is because†¦

Photography as Medium of Fact or Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Photography as Medium of Fact or Fiction - Essay Example Although photography has been seen with a veritable attachment to reality, the relationship of photography to art, notably painting and graphic media, has a long history. Changing concepts of art and practices of photography have drawn the urgency from earlier debates about their relative status, but the cultural issues concerning ways of viewing and constructing images remain of interest. The nature of the projected photographic image was known from early times, but the principles of the camera obscura, a term equally applicable to a darkened room or a small box, rendering the three-dimensional world in two, were explored in parallel with those of perspective during the 16th century. The developments of the next century in lens technology for telescopes and microscopes extended the experience of vision and produced improved and various versions of the camera. The demand for reproducible imagery of all kinds increased among the emerging professional and middle classes throughout the 18th century. The copper plate used for etching and engraving was not adequate for the long runs of impressions demanded and other means of picture production were sought. Modern photography shares its history with contemporary developments in graphic art, such as lithography, and the term 'plate' remains in use (Lewis, 2001). However, it may seem a further irony that, because of the c... For example, in 1933 this view had been expressed in a series of radio broadcasts by photographer August Sander, 'Even the most isolated Bushman could understand a photograph of the heavens-whether it showed the sun and moon or the constellations' (Sander 1978, p. 674). However, in the face of the rapid increase in global communications which has characterised the latter part of the twentieth century, we do need at least to ask to what extent the photographic image can penetrate through cultural differences in understanding. Or is photography as bound by cultural conventions as any other form of communication, such as language Yet despite such uncertainties we find that, 'Photography is nearly omnipresent, informing virtually every arena of human existence' (Ritchen 1990, p. 1). It is for this reason that we question: is it possible that our familiarity with the photographic image has bred our current contempt for the intricacies and subtle methods that characterise the medium's ability to transmit its vivid impressions of 'reality' Photography is regarded quite naturally as offering such convincing forms of pictorial evidence that this process of communication often seems to render the medium totally transparent, blurring the distinction between our perception of the environment and its photographic representations. However, we could not deny the fact that photography can also depict art. When photography is linked to art, does it mean it could also convey fictional aspect, which is quite far from reality. Thus, this article will seek to unravel the thin line of art and reality with regards to photography. Photography and Reality It is undeniable that the influence of photography through the years has been immense in influencing public opinion,

Engineering Economics (Ethical, Civics, and Stewardship) Essay

Engineering Economics (Ethical, Civics, and Stewardship) - Essay Example An engineer should avoid deceptive tactics when delivering services since this tarnishes the reputation of engineering in the community. In addition to that an engineer should ensure that health and safety of the entire public is not compromised. An engineer just like any citizen he has an obligation to play as a citizen of United States. First he should use his profession to enhance the quality of life of other Americans. Above all, an engineer should ensure that his due taxes are paid in time. Maintaining peace and defending America when performing his services adds up to good citizenship of the United States. Stewardship can be defined as leading by example accepting responsibility for the activities carried. Engineers are involved in developing and managing complex projects and as human being errors do occur. A professional engineer should admit responsibility on his part rather engaging in blame a game that would lead nowhere. However, this does not mean that engineers should be reckless in their duties, but try to minimize such scenarios. Stewardship also encompasses admitting responsibility for excellence in service delivery, though most people only focus on the

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des Essay

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des forces d'occupation et quel point refltait-el - Essay Example La zone non occupee de la [France] et l'assistance necessaires administration economique.2 Il y avait des problemes majeurs. Les deux Francais et Britanniques ont combattu pour l'independance de la France. "Dans la campagne de 1940 les Francais se sont battus courageusement, mais ... [l]es Britanniques ont combattu beaucoup plus obstinement ... ».3 Pour donner un peu de contexte, l'Allemagne avait acquis une partie de la France qui a ete envahie par les gens.  «En occupant la moitie nord du pays et toute la cote Atlantique, l'Allemagne s'est approprie le partie la plus riche et le plus peuple de la France metropolitaine ».4 En raison de l'oppression de son peuple, la reputation de Vichy est a jamais ternie. "L'histoire de Vichy, en cette epoque, abonde en pareils trompe-l'?il ».5 A la defense du peuple juif, les combats ont a l'Est. "Par consequent, au cours de la plupart des annees de combats sur le front de l'Est (ou la majeure partie de l'armee allemande a ete engage), les conditions sont devenues de plus en plus semblables a celles sur le front occidental dans la Premiere Guerre mondiale ».6 Il semblait que beaucoup de gens meprisaient les Juifs, c'etait un sentiment populaire et a la mode d'epouser a l'epoque. "Meme apres la guerre, Xavier Vallat revendiquee, avec quelque raison, que l'anti-semitisme de Vichy avait reflechi volonte populaire. Dans les registres tenus par l'administration francaise au cours de 1940-1944 il ya des signes evidents de l'antipathie populaire pour les Juifs, en particulier pour les refugies juifs etrangers ... ... repandre sur les Juifs d'origine francaise ainsi  ».7 Pendant ce temps, le cerveau se cache derriere la disparition du peuple juif etait Adolf Hitler-autrichien d'origine juive, vilipende les juifs et les exalte la race aryenne ci-dessus toutes les autres races. "Tout le monde sait Adolf Hitler. Notions du Troisieme Reich et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, [assurer] la  «Fuhrer » un endroit sur [dans l'hist oire]. Mais la situation varie considerablement dans l'histoire de cet homme.†8 Allemands voulaient eliminer totalement le peuple juif. "[L'Allemand] Armee et la Marine ... [A] l'avantage de la situation ... nouvelle [s] de faire valoir leurs interets.†9 Les gitans ont ete un autre peuple qui ont ete persecutes par les Allemands. "Si les ambitions allemandes en France concernees les moyens de maximiser l'exploitation de l'economie francaise dans l'interet de l'Allemagne, Vichy a saisi l'occasion fournie par la conquete allemande de realiser un [efficace] purge de la societe francaise, et un remodelage de la France a son image ».10 La persecution de toute personne consideree comme anormale a ete facilement acceptee par la societe francaise. Cette  «purge » de la societe francaise etait en effet l'un qui comprend un secteur important de personnes-des personnes handicapees, les personnes qui avaient des malformations congenitales, et cetera. Personne n'a ete epargne p ar le grand filet et le mal qui a ete coule pour tous ceux qui ont regarde differemment, agi differemment, ou ont vecu d'une maniere differente que le reste de la dynamique de la societe.Le francais de la

Modelling of Moisture Adsorption for Sugar Palm

Modelling of Moisture Adsorption for Sugar Palm Modelling of Moisture Adsorption for Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Starch Film Tri Hadi Jatmiko a) , Crescentiana D. Poeloengasih, Dwi Joko Prasetyo and Hernawan Research Unit for Natural Product Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Abstract. Sorption characteristic of food products is important for design, optimization, storage and modelling. Sugar palm starch film with two different plasticizers (sorbitol and glycerol) with varied concentration studied for its adsorption isotherm characteristic. The data of adsorption isotherm fitted with GAB, Oswin, Smith and Peleg models. All models describe the experiment data well, but Peleg model is better than the other models on both sugar palm starch film plasticized with sorbitol and glycerol. Moisture sorption of sugar palm starch increased linearly with plasticizer concentration. A new model by taking account of plasticizer concentration describes the experiment data well with an average of coefficients of determination (R2) 0.9913 and 0.9939 for film plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol respectively. Keywords: Sugar palm starch; glycerol; sorbitol; model; moisture sorption isotherm Utilization of biopolymers for the film has attracted the interest of researchers to explore starch as a material for the film. Starch has attracted great attention because it is easily obtained, widely available, cheap, eco-friendly, renewable and film-forming properties [1,2]. The studies that have been conducted shows that the sugar palm starch has the potential to be used as raw material for the film [1,3-6]. The use of pure starch will produce the fragile film, which is usually overcome by the addition of plasticizers. The addition of plasticizer on the film made of starch will affect the characteristics of the film, one that has changed is the characteristic of moisture absorption of the film. Moisture sorption isotherm is the relationship between the amount of water content of foodstuffs with humidity at a constant temperature and displayed in graphical form [7]. Moisture sorption isotherm models are useful for predicting water sorption characteristics of foods, even though they furnish little insight into the interaction of water and food. Even though a number of mathematical models exist to explain moisture sorption isotherms of foods substances, none equation offers accurate outcome for the period of the entire variety of water activities, or for all types of foods material, it is because of water associated with a matrix of food with different mechanisms on different humidity [7]. Only a few studies have reported the content of the plasticizer into account in the determination of moisture sorption isotherm of a starch film. Coupland (2000) reported the effect of glycerol on the moisture sorption behavior of whey protein isolate film, that consider the content of plasticizer in moister sorption of the film [8]. Jatmiko (2016) reported that four parameter Peleg model could be used to give a good description of moisture sorption of sugar palm starch based film. In this study, we report sorption isotherms for sugar palm starch based films affected by plasticizer. Moisture sorption isotherm of sugar palm starch film from Jatmiko (2016) was used for this study. The data fitted with the following model: Oswin Oswin equation is one of the best model for describing the moisture sorption of starchy food and gave a good fit for vegetables and meat [7]. where M is the moisture content (g/g dry solid), aw is water activity, A and B are constant. Smith Smith has developed a water sorption isotherm equation based on the theory that water adsorbed on a dry surface composed of two fractions. The first fraction has a heat of condensation is higher than normal and the second fraction consisting of multilayers of water molecules, which can prevent the evaporation of the initial layer [9]. where M is the moisture content (g/g dry solid), A is the quantity of water in the first sorbed fraction, and B is the quantity of water in the multilayer moisture fraction, aw is water activity. GAB GAB equation is one of the most widely used equations in predicting water sorption isotherms [7]. where M is the moisture content (g/g dry solid), M0 is the monolayer moisture content; C and K are constants. Peleg Four parameters model proposed by Peleg [10] can be used for both sigmoid and non-sigmoid isotherm and some studies report that Peleg model better than GAB model. where M is the moisture content (g/g dry solid), K1, K2, n1 and n2 are constants. Moisture sorption of sugar palm starch film with sorbitol and glycerol shows sigmoidal shape as shown in Fig. 1. According to the classification of Al-Muhtaseb et. al [7] the moisture sorption of sugar palm starch film is type III. FIGURE 1. Moisture Sorption isotherm of sugar palm starch film plasticized with sorbitol (A) and glycerol (B) The data of moisture sorption of sugar palm starch film with glycerol and sorbitol plasticizer were fitted with models from previous studies. Generally, all models describe moisture sorption isotherm of sugar palm starch film plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol well. The model constants from previous studies present in Table 1 and Table 2. TABLE 1. Model constants for sugar palm starch film with glycerol Model constants Glycerol 30% 35% 40% 45% Oswin A 0.236 0.2775 0.3229 0.3855 B 0.3615 0.3494 0.3465 0.3222 R2 0.9976 0.9964 0.9936 0.9941 Smith A 0.086 0.1128 0.1365 0.1872 B 0.2047 0.2266 0.2588 0.2751 R2 0.9805 0.9789 0.9739 0.9797 GAB M0 0.116423 0.137712 0.159887 0.195346 C 978656.7 968661.7 998659.9 943564.8 K 0.884887 0.877535 0.876436 0.858216 R2 0.9859 0.9808 0.9763 0.9737 Peleg K1 0.3715 0.4346 0.4799 0.5378 K2 0.6842 0.7666 0.9006 0.933 n1 0.5756 0.5558 0.4751 0.4117 n2 12.39 13.04 12.49 11.28 R2 0.9998 0.9996 0.9998 0.9995 TABLE 2. Model constants for sugar palm starch film with sorbitol Model constants Sorbitol 35% 40% 45% Oswin A 0.09689 0.0946 0.1015 B 0.6194 0.6633 0.6632 R2 0.9984 0.998 0.9982 Smith A -0.09125 -0.1231 -0.1323 B 0.2449 0.2819 0.3026 R2 0.9345 0.9236 0.9242 GAB M0 0.04948 0.04986 0.05356 C 978656.7 968661.7 998659.9 K 0.969 0.977 0.976 R2 0.999 0.9992 0.9994 Peleg K1 1.001 1.201 1.276 K2 0.2379 0.2483 0.2547 n1 16.45 17.16 16.39 n2 1.058 1.102 1.042 R2 0.9991 0.9988 0.9992 GAB equation shows that the higher the concentration of plasticizer, the amount of water in the monolayer will be even greater. According to Mali [11], this happens because the more content of the plasticizer, the more active sites that bind water. The moisture content on a monolayer of sugar palm starch film plasticized with sorbitol was lower than sugar palm starch film plasticized with glycerol. Sorbitol structural molecule similar to glucose that cause strong interaction between sorbitol and polymer chain, as a result, there is a lower possibility for sorbitol to interact with water [12]. Meanwhile, glycerol could withstand water in their matrix because the hydroxyl group in glycerol had a strong affinity with water [13]. All of the above models can describe the moisture sorption isotherms by the film of sugar palm starch well, but none of them describe the effect of the concentration of plasticizer in moisture sorption isotherms by sugar palm starch film. So we proposed a new model that consider the concentration of plasticizer on moisture sorption of sugar palm starch film plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol. where M is the moisture content (g/g dry solid), a, b, c, d constant and x is plasticizer concentration. TABLE 3. Constants of new model for sugar palm starch film Plasticizer Concentration Model constants R2 a b c d Sorbitol 35% 1.01174 10.77467 0.628699 1.700724 0.9934 40% 1.193598 11.48727 0.601008 1.870756 0.9939 45% 1.279081 11.42559 0.57095 2.002083 0.9948 Glycerol 30 0.760819 7.644822 1.808462 1.724646 0.9908 35% 0.845172 7.780921 1.784906 1.79808 0.9897 40% 0.977611 8.132343 1.755913 1.856643 0.9918 45% 1.024442 7.656481 1.717197 1.9017 0.9931 Table 3. shows the model constants and coefficient of determination that describe the moisture sorption of sugar palm starch film plasticized with sorbitol and glycerol well. The moisture sorption isotherm of sugar palm starch film increase linearly with plasticizer concentration. A new model that consider the plasticizer content show the sorption isotherm sugar palm starch film well. The authors grateful to Indonesian Institute of Sciences for providing financial assistance through Riset Unggulan 2016 during this investigation. We also extent our appreciation to Deputy of Engineering Science, Indonesian Institute of Sciences for his encouragement and support during this work . C. D.Poeloengasih, Y. Pranoto, S. N. Hayati, Hernawan, V.T. Rosyida, D.J. Prasetyo, et al., A physicochemical study of sugar palm (Arenga Pinnata) starch films plasticized by glycerol and sorbitol, AIP Conference Proceedings 1711   (American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2016),   p. 80003. T. H. Jatmiko, C. D Poeloengasih, D. J. Prasetyo, V.T. Rosyida, Effect of plasticizer on moisture sorption isotherm of sugar palm (Arenga Pinnata) starch film, AIP Conference Proceedings 1711, (American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2016), p. 80004. W. Apriyana, C. D. Poeloengasih, Hernawan, S. N. Hayati, Y. Pranoto. Mechanical and microstructural properties of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.) starch film: Effect of aging. AIP Conference Proceedings 1755. (American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2016), p. 150003. M. L. Sanyang, S. 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